President Abraham Lincoln, with officers in 1862, rarely dictated battlefield tactics. Alexander Gardner/Library of Congress When the American Civil War began, president Abraham Lincoln was far ...

The great Lakota chief Red Cloud at 51, in an 1872 portrait by Alexander Gardner National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives Red cloud started ...

Alexander Gardner owned one of the few galleries which rivaled Mathew Brady's in illustrious clientele and prestige. He was Scottish-born and emigrated to New York in 1856 when he was 35 years old.

Thousands of Civil War images, original 19th-century photographs from such renowned photographers as Timothy O'Sullivan and Alexander Gardner, lay perfectly preserved in the attic of the Medford ...