programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated ...

2 These proteins turn off the immune system and prevent it from killing cancer cells. Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4) and anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) drugs work by blocking ...

By administering a monoclonal antibody to block the effects of the inhibitory factor, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, on the surface of lymphocytes, durable tumor regressions have ...