Water softeners usually substitute sodium for calcium and magnesium in hard water. The synthetic resin beads in a water softener prefer positively charged elemental ions in this order: calcium, ...

Dense ceramic materials can form in nature under mild temperatures in water. By contrast, man-made ceramics often require sintering temperatures in excess of 1,400 °C for densification. Chemical ...

Increased mechanization during timber harvesting activities has led to concerns that compaction may negatively affect the long-term productivity of soil. A greenhouse study was carried out to ...